The Invention of American Agriculture in Tehuacan Valley

The Tehuacà ¡n Valley, or more precisely the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n valley, is located in southeastern Puebla state and northwestern Oaxaca state in central Mexico. It is the southernmost arid area of Mexico, its aridity caused by the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. Annual mean temperature averages 21 degrees C (70 F) and rainfall 400 millimeters (16 inches). In the 1960s, the Tehuacà ¡n Valley was the focus of a large-scale survey called the Tehuacà ¡n Project, led by American archaeologist Richard S. MacNeish. MacNeish and his team were looking for the Late Archaic origins of maize. The valley was selected because of its climate and its high level of biological diversity (more on that later). MacNeishs large, multi-discipline project identified nearly 500 cave and open-air sites, including the 10,000-year-long, occupied San Marcos, Purron, and Coxcatlà ¡n caves. Extensive excavations in the valleys caves, particularly Coxcatlà ¡n Cave, led to the discovery of the earliest appearance at the time of several important American plant domesticates: not just maize, but bottle gourd, squash, and beans. Excavations recovered over 100,000 plant remains, as well as other artifacts. Coxcatlà ¡n Cave Coxcatlà ¡n Cave is a rock shelter that was occupied by humans for nearly 10,000 years. Identified by MacNeish during his survey in the 1960s, the cave includes an area of about 240 square meters (2,600 square feet) beneath a rock overhang about 30 meters (100 feet) long by 8 m (26 ft) deep. Large-scale excavations conducted by MacNeish and colleagues included about 150 sqm (1600 sq ft) of that horizontal range and vertically down to the bedrock of the cave, some 2-3 m (6.5-10 ft) or more to bedrock. Excavations at the site identified at least 42 discrete occupation levels, within that 2-3 m of sediment. Features identified at the site include hearths, cache pits, ash scatters, and organic deposits. The documented occupations varied considerably in terms of size, seasonal duration, and number and variety of artifacts and activity areas. Most importantly, the earliest dates on domesticated forms of squash, beans and maize were identified within Coxcatlà ¡ns cultural levels. And the process of domestication was in evidence as well—especially in terms of maize cobs, which are documented here as growing larger and with an increased number of rows over time. Dating Coxcatlà ¡n Comparative analysis grouped the 42 occupations into 28 habitation zones and seven cultural phases. Unfortunately, conventional radiocarbon dates on organic materials (like carbon and wood) within the cultural phases were not consistent within the phases or zones. That was likely the result of vertical displacement by human activities such pit-digging, or by rodent or insect disturbance called bioturbation. Bioturbation is a common issue in cave deposits and indeed many archaeological sites. However, the recognized mixing led to an extensive controversy during the 1970s and 1980s, with several scholars raising doubts about the validity of the dates for the first maize, squash, and beans. By the late 1980s, AMS radiocarbon methodologies which allow for smaller samples were available and the plant remains themselves—seeds, cobs, and rinds--could be dated. The following table lists the calibrated dates for the earliest direct-dated examples recovered from Coxcatlà ¡n cave. Cucurbita argyrosperma (cushaw gourd) 115 cal BCPhaseolus vulgaris (common bean) cal 380 BCZea mays (maize) 3540 cal BCLagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) 5250 BCCucurbita pepo (pumpkins, zucchini) 5960 BC A DNA study (Janzen and Hubbard 2016) of a cob from Tehuacan dated to 5310 cal BP found that the cob was genetically closer to modern maize than to its wild progenitor teosinte, suggesting that maize domestication was well underway before Coxcatlan was occupied. Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n Valley Ethnobotany One of the reasons MacNeish selected the Tehuacà ¡n valley is because of its level of biological diversity: a high diversity is a common characteristic of places where first domestications are documented. In the 21st century, the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n valley has been the focus of extensive ethnobotanical studies—ethnobotanists are interested in how people use and manage plants. These studies reveal the valley has the highest biological diversity of all the arid zones in North America, as well as one of the richest areas in Mexico for ethnobiological knowledge. One study (Davila and colleagues 2002) recorded over 2,700 species of flowering plants within an area of approximately 10,000 square kilometers (3,800 square miles). The valley also has a high human cultural diversity, with Nahua, Popoloca, Mazatec, Chinantec, Ixcatec, Cuicatec, and Mixtec groups together accounting for 30% of the total population. Local people have amassed an immense amount of traditional knowledge including the names, uses, and ecological information on nearly 1,600 plant species. They also practice a variety of agricultural and silviculture techniques including the care, management, and preservation of nearly 120 native plant species. In Situ and Ex Situ Plant Management The ethnobotanists studies documented local practices in habitats where the plants naturally occur, called in situ management techniques: Tolerance, where useful wild plants are left standingEnhancement, activities that increase the plant population density and availability of useful plant speciesProtection, actions which favor permanence of particular plants through care Ex situ management practiced in Tehuacan involves seed sowing, planting of vegetative propagules and transplanting of entire plants from their natural habitats into managed areas such as agricultural systems or home-gardens. Sources Blancas J, Casas A, Lira R, and Caballero J. 2009. Traditional Management and Morphological Patterns of Myrtillocactus schenckii (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacà ¡n Valley, Central Mexico. Economic Botany 63(4):375-387.Blancas J, Casas A, Rangel-Landa S, Moreno-Calles A, Torres I, Pà ©rez-Negrà ³n E, Solà ­s L, Delgado-Lemus A, Parra F, Arellanes Y et al. 2010. Plant Management in the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n Valley, Mexico. Economic Botany 64(4):287-302.Dà ¡vila P, Arizmendi MDC, Valiente-Banuet A, Villaseà ±or JL, Casas A, and Lira R. 2002. Biological diversity in the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n Valley, Mexico. Biodiversity Conservation 11(3):421-442.Farnsworth P, Brady JE, DeNiro MJ, and MacNeish RS. 1985. A re-evaluation of the isotopic and archaeological reconstructions of diet in the Tehuacan Valley. American Antiquity 50(1):102-116.Flannery KV, and MacNeish RS. 1997. In defense of the Tehuacà ¡n project. Current Anthropology 38(4):660-672.Fritz GJ. 1994. Are the first American farmers getting younger? Current Anthropology 35(1):305-309.Gumerman GJ, and Neely JA. 1972. An Archaeological Survey of the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico: A Test of Color Infrared Photography. American Antiquity 37(4):520-527.Janzen GM, and Hufford MB. 2016. Crop Domestication: A Sneak-Peek into the Midpoint of Maize Evolution. Current Biology 26(23):R1240-R1242.Long A, Benz BF, Donahue DJ, Jull AJT, and Toolin LJ. 1989. First Direct AMS Dates on Early Maize From Tehuacan, Mexico. Radiocarbon 31(3):1035-1040.Long A, and Fritz GJ. 2001. Validity of AMS dates on maize from the Tehuacà ¡n Valley: A comment on MacNeish and Eubanks. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):87-90.MacNeish RS, and Eubanks MW. 2000. Comparative analysis of the Rio Balsas and Tehuacà ¡n models for the origin of maize. Latin American Antiquity 11(1):3-20.Smith BD. 2005. Reassessing Coxcatlà ¡n Cave and the early history of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(27):9438-94 45.

The Fountain Of Youth By Juan Ponce De Leon - 1876 Words

Humans are living longer. The average life expectancy in the world is now 70 years old and it is growing (Roser 2016). Human life extension is the addition of life with medical technologies like artificial life, gene therapy, and medication. Now humans are studying how to drastically extend human life 120 years and farther. Radical life extension has been occurring throughout history without people knowing. This has happened through the advancement in the study of medicine. With these advancements many people wonder what will happen when there is a much larger population on the Earth, will the access be fair for other people, and which religions will accept or try to prevent this? Radical life extension has been human dream for a very†¦show more content†¦Scientist have seen that telomerase expressing clones have no difference in karyotype but have a long lifespan by 20 doublings. With this research, cells have been seen to have a very youthful looking state for much longer . A last area of study is the hypothalamus of the brain. This part of the brain controls reproduction, growth, metabolism, and aging. This is where many of the age related diseases occur. The study of this area can lead to many advancements in age related diseases that can help people live longer. Though this area of study does not have many advancements it holds promising results. Though there have been numerous advancements, many people ask the question whether people need to live longer because of an already over populated Earth. Since 1900 the life expectancy has doubled at over 70 years old and it is continually growing (Our World In Data 2016). Many people ask whether life expectancy would impact people by there being less availability to food on this over populated Earth. Estimators say that the overpopulation of Earth is on average 8 billion people. We are already at a population of 7.3 billion. This shows that Earth is only so big and we are quickly outgrowing it if somethi ng is not done. This is important because it shows how radical life extension could drastically affect the human population, maybe even over the Earth s ability toShow MoreRelatedBiography on Juan Ponce de Leon998 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough Juan Ponce De Leon’s date of birth isn’t certain he was most likely born in 1474, he was born into a noble Spanish family and he was the son of a military hero. Juan Ponce De Leon was born in Santervas De Campos in Castilla which is now known as Spain. In his youth he spent his time working as a Page for a Spanish Knight. As a Page he cleaned his Knights clothing, cared for his weapons and tended to his horses. In return he was taught a code of honor and learned the way in which he couldRead MoreThe Life of Juan Ponce de Leon548 Words   |  2 Pages Have you ever heard of Juan Ponce de Leon? 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While the biggest thing the british did was recruit and maybe expand here and there. I mean they even say Juan Ponce De Leon may have eve n discovered one of the bahamian islands. West Florida was where Alabama and Mississippi is today, so expanding as they said toRead MoreA Patriot s History : Thesis1758 Words   |  8 PagesIndians. †¢ (Page 18) This portion of the reading describes the demise of the Aztecs, and how it caused an increase in â€Å"fortune-seekers.† One such new fortune seeker was Juan Ponce de Leà ³n, who came to Florida in search of the fountain of youth, finding no such fountain, but instead mapping out much of the southeast. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was also a well-known fortune-seeker, who similarly mapped out much of the southwest during his exploits. †¢ (Page 33) This part outlines the escapades of theRead MoreAPUSH Chapter 1 Summary1675 Words   |  7 PagesConquistadores  is Spanish â€Å"conquerors†. 2.1. Vasco Balboa  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"discovered† the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama. 2.2. Ferdinand Magellan  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do so). 2.3. Ponce de Leon  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ touches and names Florida looking for legendary â€Å"Fountain of Youth†. 2.4. Hernando Cortes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies and is â€Å"buried† in Mississippi River, 2.5. Francisco Pizarro  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons

Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System Free Essays

Contentss Introduction Purpose Aim Research Question Methodology What is integrating? Multi-modal rider theodolite system Public conveyance system in Vijayawada Para-transit commissariats in Indian context Typology of para-transit system of the metropolis Relevance in Vijayawada scenario Significance of infinites in theodolite system Travel form and web Travel behavior in the metropolis Traffic web and congestion Simplification of route web Urban destruction and flexibleness of infinites Modal transportations and frequence Peak and off peak timings Factors on transportation rate Connectivity Map Distance-Time-Expenditure analysis Modal alteration and outgo An attack to metro rail web Integration of multimodal rider theodolite system and the function of para-transit commissariats Abstraction This paper analyses how the theodolite civilization in India and peculiarly in the metropolis of Vijayawada can be redefined with regard to the available renovation forms and the para-transit commissariats in the metropolis. The bing urban signifier and web play the existent function in the renovation form which can be either partial destruction method or constructive method. Though most the manners of conveyance are genuinely in the being in the metropolis, the art of incorporating them gives the visible radiation to the developed multi-modal theodolite system in that peculiar metropolis. We will write a custom essay sample on Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System or any similar topic only for you Order Now It truly changes the theodolite civilization within the metropolis enabling the debut to farther manners of conveyance and terminuss. The bing canal alteration may impact the obliteration of slums which have been profoundly rooted near the canal. The paper besides analyses on all para-transit manners of transit in the metropolis that how it felicitates and contributes to the ‘linking process’ among the other manners. It besides oversees the futuristic development of the metropolis in the urban graduated table where traffic congestion has to be nullified or minimized Cardinal words: Multimodal, para-transit, renovation, transit civilization, rider, transportations Introduction â€Å"A developed state is non where the hapless usage autos, it’s where the rich usage public transit† , Gustavo Petro, the city manager of Bogota, Columbia. Transportation system in India has ne’er been drastically changed over the past decennaries due to the unauthorised land acquisition and unplanned conveyance development. Among the assorted metropoliss, really few are planned whereas others were raised, built and spread-over quickly, in random infinite and clip. It led to farther congestion of roads, streets and public infinites without presenting a opportunity of re-development procedure. So the transit, where it didn’t drama major portion in Indian context was dragged into a alteration, which offered nil less than a mere development and couldn’t foresee the futuristic India. The major technological promotion failed to come in Indian subcontinent, led to the forceful restriction of traditional and available transit. Therefore the theodolite s ystem was kept under-developed for ages, where different manners of transit were introduced but rarely made a contribution to a multi-modal theodolite system. Even Indian economic system was doubtless incapacitated with the new constructs of theodolite development and more or less the same system prevailed over. The resourceful metropoliss of India still have major manners of transit, which could be efficaciously re-modified into an incorporate system, which promises a simplest and flexible motion within and around the system. The H2O, route and the rail theodolite jointly organize the fastest and easiest transportations, in which the clip factor makes the advantage. The modern epoch besides demands a procedure or an activity, which makes life faster and easier, advancing the aesthetic sense as a whole. The transit has been an ineluctable portion of mundane life, demanding the destruction of preexistent characteristics to guarantee the hereafter needs and necessities. Many metropoliss have started demarcating commissariats for a multi-modal theodolite system where sustainability and constructions are still conserved. Transportation system is a really huge subject on which we create different beds of idea procedure to set up the connectivity and linkage in a proper manner. The transit civilization of India is bit by bit being changed. We can see the alteration in the completed and approaching undertakings in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The 20 first century started with the tube rail and subway rail system instead than the suburban and other webs. The promotion of high-speed Express main roads besides paved a manner to the metropolis transit be aftering constructs. It has besides to be mentioned that the multi average theodolite hubs and terminuss have seen into the existent image of a future metropolis. Peoples use different manners of conveyance to make finishs where they use an interphase theodolite manner for doing it economic every bit good as faster. For illustration, New Delhi railroad station has a good entree to make out to the Metro station, metropolis coachs, cars, jinrikishas and taxis easy so that the clip hold in happening another manner of conveyance is negligible. That is the ground why many of its Metro Stationss are located merely above the Highways and Bus terminuss. The interphase of H2O conveyance and the route conveyance can be really good seen in the survey of metropolis of Venice in Italy. How sophistically the prosaic motion migrates to the H2O conveyance and vice-versa could be designed harmonizing to the physiological and geographical character of the metropolis. However, the route transports proved to be the decisive portion in the theodolite development, the other manners have to be linked to the route theodolite doing it as the primary manner of conveyance. The gridiron form of New York, triangular form of Paris and the Radial or Hexagonal form of New Delhi have their ain advantages and disadvantages in its theodolite civilization. What we have to concentrate is to renew the rules and thoughts to work out the jobs and functionality of the theodolite system in a metropolis. A multi modal theodolite system besides demands for the cargo transportations, which have a different impact on the theodolite behavior of the metropolis. The logistics and contracts are involved in the transportations, which deal more into the economic and fiscal stages instead than the design and planning rules. Purpose To set up a pre-requisite integrated multi-transit system, through the merger of different theodolite manners and systemization of para-transit installations, as the anchor of metropolis transit. To redefine the bing metropolis theodolite webs in a broader degree so that maximized rider transportation, minimized distance and least travel clip are achieved. Aim †¢To re-develop the urban conveyance system of the metropolis cloth. †¢To have a re-modelled railroad corridor including the bombardments and Bridgess. †¢To simplify of route web with regard to inveigh and waterways. †¢To set up cardinal hub for linking all manners of the theodolite system. †¢To systematize para-transit installations linking all manners of conveyance. †¢To exhibit a position on metro/subway development in the farthest hereafter. †¢To substantiate urban destruction to keep the flexibleness of the theodolite. †¢To evaluate existent time-based analysis of transportations within the systems. RESEARCH QUESTION Why do we necessitate an incorporate system of all manners of theodolite along with para-transit comfortss in an urban multi-transit system and how can we accomplish this to underscore high transportations and least clip and distance? SCOPE A ; LIMITATION The paper surveies about the theodolite civilization within Indian context where the instance survey of the web is taken in New Delhi, Chennai etc. The end product of the survey purpose at the metropolis of Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh, which has the range of its theodolite renovation, extends to route, rail and H2O due to the handiness of the railroad corridor and canals of the river Krishna. Methodology The multi-modal theodolite system needs tonss of literature survey, informations aggregations and studies which have to be assembled, framed and evaluated. We start with the normal surveies related to the public transit, the concerns of theodolite oriented development, the modal-wise theodolite civilization in India and abroad and the jobs of malfunctioned theodolite terminuss. LITERATURE STUDY: The assorted surveies about the theodolite oriented developments in the United States of America prove to be critical in this scenario. The more the accessible it is, the public interphase will be much more than we expect to be. The handiness being the major component of the theodolite web, the governments started believing about the re-development of few theodolite Stationss depending upon the public interphase. Furthermore the handiness, it really started working out the other factors responsible for the transportations and motion. For case, a to the full rail auto can take 200 autos from the route and a rail coach can take 20 autos from the route. ( Public transit ) . Taking the broader image, through the statistical analysis in the United States of America, Los Angeles County Metropolitan transit authorization has seen a 40 % addition in ridership on tube since the proviso of existent clip information was established. ( Public Transportation ) It bit by bit fost ers the communities to ‘walk more and drive less’ . However, the car industry sustains even though, it has lost its higher manus in the system, favored the assorted manners of public conveyance system to come up to the competition. That is how the metro systems played a important portion in modulating the theodolite harmoniousness of the metropoliss of United States of America. The public conveyance in the Indian metropoliss has the worst state of affairs in the subcontinent, though it is easy accessible from anyplace in the state through different manners. The information shows the private conveyance being dominant doing the traffic congestion and pollution. In the Indian context of multi-modal theodolite, Kashmere gate and Anand Vihar in New Delhi serve the intent of it suiting the riders from tube every bit good as the interstate bus terminal increasing the handiness and connectivity. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1313196.001.jpg"/ DATA COLLECTION: Several studies have to be conducted on for the consequences related to the transportations, clip and distance. Travel time-distance study in public conveyance, para-transit options ( prosaic, rickshaw and auto-rickshaw ) and private owned conveyance. Differential function of existent distance and covered distance between two different manners. ( Railway and Bus ) .Time taken for the average alteration from one to another and vice-versa. If there is a difference, why? Survey of figure of people utilizing public and shared conveyance instead than in private owned. Subsequently their portions in the current traffic in the metropolis. Survey on transportations from and to in a manner of conveyance with regard to clip. What is INTEGRATION? Integration is a procedure or an act of intermixing of different topics into a individual value giving a combined advantage of both. In this context of conveyance system, the theodolite modals must hold been established long clip back. But the existent integrating of the different theodolite manners is the questionable factor to be accomplished. Many of the Indian metropoliss, including Vijayawada, are besides on the-verge of theodolite integrating which enables the limitless entree of public transit and minimized private intercession. WSA ( 2007 ) information gives us a visible radiation in the theodolite civilizations in Indian metropoliss along with Asian monopolies. Public transit and incorporate theodolite systems in European states and American provinces prove to be a critical component in the planetary development of the full subcontinent. Multi-modal rider theodolite system As many understand, multimode conveyance refers to a conveyance system normally operated by one bearer with more than one manner of conveyance under control or ownership of one operator. It involves the usage of more than one agencies of conveyance such as a combination of truck, railway car, railroads, airplane or ship in sequence to each ( www.etamad.com ) . It drives the urban development of the full metropolis in its physical, socio-economical and internal web. It is one of the decisive functional facet of the metropolis traffic. Public conveyance system in Vijayawada Vijayawada metropolis is wholly a theodolite oriented metropolis as the route, rail and H2O conveyance have the major impact in its history, civilization and the physical geography. It has a immense railroad terminus since it has been declared as one of the biggest and busiest railroad corridor. The chief two roads in Vijayawada starts from the Old Vijayawada part diverge to run into the National highway-5 which lays the bosom of the metropolis. The H2O canals were the historic grounds of merchant but turned to be sewerage and refuse remover of the metropolis in the existent sense. Talking about the route conveyance system, APSRTC ( Andhra Pradesh State Transport Corporation ) runs its services throughout each and every corners of the metropolis from 5 am to 12pm with a sum of 500 metropolis coachs and tube coachs holding about 2000+ day-to-day services ( PNBS at Once, 1991 ) . Pandit Nehru Bus Station operates another 2500 trips of other ordinary/express/interstate coachs off from the metropolis. It is one of the successful corporation holding a record figure of services in South India. The bus Terminal is the 2nd largest in India ( The New Indian Express, 2014 ) after ISBT Kashmere Gate, New Delhi ( Economic Times, 2013 ) . It has succeeded in linking people and services, finally affecting the populace into the system. The response from the public gave a green visible radiation to the maximal coverage in most of the corners of the metropolis. Para-transit commissariats in Indian context Those services which in-turn support the chief watercourse of manners of conveyance and link them through sophisticated webs are normally known as para-transit system. It generates batch of travel options and form in travelers which can be opted to be used consequently. Although it is non straight linked with a to the full flourished conveyance manners say Bus theodolite, it really add ups How to cite Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System, Essay examples

Important of Camera strategy in shaping Film-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Important of Camera strategy in shaping Film. Answer: Camera Operator The camera strategy is very important in shaping the films perception in the audiences minds (Stam 2017). Here the film is basically about a boy who loses track of his life and goes into depression. The boys mother tired of waiting every day for the drunk boy to return home and ultimately passes away. The camera strategy would be to translate this depression and grief into the audiences perception. Most of the camera angles are close up to reflect the expressions of the characters. There is very little movement of the camera as most of the scenes are shot on a static camera angle, as static as the life of the mother of the boy. The implementation plan is to place the camera tripod in strategic spots to capture the heart of the scenes. There are scenes which includes long shots and mid shots like the mothers scene at the market, these will be implemented by both handheld shots and moving tripods on wheels. The particular role of the camera person will be to be in close contact with the director to understand the emotion and portray that in the screen, so there will be continuous interaction. The team of producer, writer, editor and sound controller along with the director will sit for regular meetings and interaction throughout the shooting to integrate the roles. Davis in his article Video Production Tips: The Basics of Lighting and Camera Angles has stated that to create a particular effect the cameraperson must be visualizing the whole scene before shooting it (Davis 2015). The films main message is to state that a mothers love is universal and eternal, the last scene where the son discovers the letter is very important, Close up of the letter and the sons face will be shown consecutively. Montage will be used in editing to depict the depth of the scene (Bordwell, Thompson and Smith 2016). Lighting The lighting must be in sync with the camera strategy that has been adopted. The overall atmosphere of the film remains dark and depressive. This reflects the mindset of both the son and the mother who are unhappy in their own settings. The lighting strategy would be to maintain the light and shadow effect throughout the film and reflect the message all over (Standish 2014). The implementation will be done through ensuring the maximum use of controlled artificial lighting and maintaining the darkness even in the scenes where plenty of light is used. There will be screens that will be used to reduce or control the effects of light. In the scenes where the mother is waiting for her son to come back there will be a dim yellowish bulb that would maintain the gloom of the atmosphere. There are a number of scenes which have a black screen and only background sound effects. The immediate scenes that would follow will be carrying the effect of the darkness, hence light use will be low in the following scenes as well. The integration process will be same as the camera person where close interaction of the lighting operator will happen with the team about synchronizing the overall message of the film with the lighting technique. In the article Lighting for Cinematography: A Practical Guide to the Art and Craft of Lighting for the Moving Image, the author has pointed out how perfect lighting can amplify the effects of the film to a large extent (Landau 2014). In the film Godfather the lighting was specifically crafted and customised for the title character to enhance his role, similar method will be followed in this film while lighting the two main characters. References Bordwell, D., Thompson, K. and Smith, J., 2016.Film art: An introduction. McGraw-Hill Education. Davis, D., 2015. Video Production Tips: The Basics of Lighting and Camera Angles. Tubularinsights, January 20. Landau, D., 2014.Lighting for Cinematography: A Practical Guide to the Art and Craft of Lighting for the Moving Image. AC Black. Stam, R., 2017.Film theory: an introduction. John Wiley Sons. Standish, I., 2014. The Aesthetics of Shadow: Lighting and Japanese Cinema by Daisuke Miyao.The Journal of Japanese Studies,40(2), pp.465-469.