The Invention of American Agriculture in Tehuacan Valley

The Tehuacà ¡n Valley, or more precisely the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n valley, is located in southeastern Puebla state and northwestern Oaxaca state in central Mexico. It is the southernmost arid area of Mexico, its aridity caused by the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. Annual mean temperature averages 21 degrees C (70 F) and rainfall 400 millimeters (16 inches). In the 1960s, the Tehuacà ¡n Valley was the focus of a large-scale survey called the Tehuacà ¡n Project, led by American archaeologist Richard S. MacNeish. MacNeish and his team were looking for the Late Archaic origins of maize. The valley was selected because of its climate and its high level of biological diversity (more on that later). MacNeishs large, multi-discipline project identified nearly 500 cave and open-air sites, including the 10,000-year-long, occupied San Marcos, Purron, and Coxcatlà ¡n caves. Extensive excavations in the valleys caves, particularly Coxcatlà ¡n Cave, led to the discovery of the earliest appearance at the time of several important American plant domesticates: not just maize, but bottle gourd, squash, and beans. Excavations recovered over 100,000 plant remains, as well as other artifacts. Coxcatlà ¡n Cave Coxcatlà ¡n Cave is a rock shelter that was occupied by humans for nearly 10,000 years. Identified by MacNeish during his survey in the 1960s, the cave includes an area of about 240 square meters (2,600 square feet) beneath a rock overhang about 30 meters (100 feet) long by 8 m (26 ft) deep. Large-scale excavations conducted by MacNeish and colleagues included about 150 sqm (1600 sq ft) of that horizontal range and vertically down to the bedrock of the cave, some 2-3 m (6.5-10 ft) or more to bedrock. Excavations at the site identified at least 42 discrete occupation levels, within that 2-3 m of sediment. Features identified at the site include hearths, cache pits, ash scatters, and organic deposits. The documented occupations varied considerably in terms of size, seasonal duration, and number and variety of artifacts and activity areas. Most importantly, the earliest dates on domesticated forms of squash, beans and maize were identified within Coxcatlà ¡ns cultural levels. And the process of domestication was in evidence as well—especially in terms of maize cobs, which are documented here as growing larger and with an increased number of rows over time. Dating Coxcatlà ¡n Comparative analysis grouped the 42 occupations into 28 habitation zones and seven cultural phases. Unfortunately, conventional radiocarbon dates on organic materials (like carbon and wood) within the cultural phases were not consistent within the phases or zones. That was likely the result of vertical displacement by human activities such pit-digging, or by rodent or insect disturbance called bioturbation. Bioturbation is a common issue in cave deposits and indeed many archaeological sites. However, the recognized mixing led to an extensive controversy during the 1970s and 1980s, with several scholars raising doubts about the validity of the dates for the first maize, squash, and beans. By the late 1980s, AMS radiocarbon methodologies which allow for smaller samples were available and the plant remains themselves—seeds, cobs, and rinds--could be dated. The following table lists the calibrated dates for the earliest direct-dated examples recovered from Coxcatlà ¡n cave. Cucurbita argyrosperma (cushaw gourd) 115 cal BCPhaseolus vulgaris (common bean) cal 380 BCZea mays (maize) 3540 cal BCLagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) 5250 BCCucurbita pepo (pumpkins, zucchini) 5960 BC A DNA study (Janzen and Hubbard 2016) of a cob from Tehuacan dated to 5310 cal BP found that the cob was genetically closer to modern maize than to its wild progenitor teosinte, suggesting that maize domestication was well underway before Coxcatlan was occupied. Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n Valley Ethnobotany One of the reasons MacNeish selected the Tehuacà ¡n valley is because of its level of biological diversity: a high diversity is a common characteristic of places where first domestications are documented. In the 21st century, the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n valley has been the focus of extensive ethnobotanical studies—ethnobotanists are interested in how people use and manage plants. These studies reveal the valley has the highest biological diversity of all the arid zones in North America, as well as one of the richest areas in Mexico for ethnobiological knowledge. One study (Davila and colleagues 2002) recorded over 2,700 species of flowering plants within an area of approximately 10,000 square kilometers (3,800 square miles). The valley also has a high human cultural diversity, with Nahua, Popoloca, Mazatec, Chinantec, Ixcatec, Cuicatec, and Mixtec groups together accounting for 30% of the total population. Local people have amassed an immense amount of traditional knowledge including the names, uses, and ecological information on nearly 1,600 plant species. They also practice a variety of agricultural and silviculture techniques including the care, management, and preservation of nearly 120 native plant species. In Situ and Ex Situ Plant Management The ethnobotanists studies documented local practices in habitats where the plants naturally occur, called in situ management techniques: Tolerance, where useful wild plants are left standingEnhancement, activities that increase the plant population density and availability of useful plant speciesProtection, actions which favor permanence of particular plants through care Ex situ management practiced in Tehuacan involves seed sowing, planting of vegetative propagules and transplanting of entire plants from their natural habitats into managed areas such as agricultural systems or home-gardens. Sources Blancas J, Casas A, Lira R, and Caballero J. 2009. Traditional Management and Morphological Patterns of Myrtillocactus schenckii (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacà ¡n Valley, Central Mexico. Economic Botany 63(4):375-387.Blancas J, Casas A, Rangel-Landa S, Moreno-Calles A, Torres I, Pà ©rez-Negrà ³n E, Solà ­s L, Delgado-Lemus A, Parra F, Arellanes Y et al. 2010. Plant Management in the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n Valley, Mexico. Economic Botany 64(4):287-302.Dà ¡vila P, Arizmendi MDC, Valiente-Banuet A, Villaseà ±or JL, Casas A, and Lira R. 2002. Biological diversity in the Tehuacà ¡n-Cuicatlà ¡n Valley, Mexico. Biodiversity Conservation 11(3):421-442.Farnsworth P, Brady JE, DeNiro MJ, and MacNeish RS. 1985. A re-evaluation of the isotopic and archaeological reconstructions of diet in the Tehuacan Valley. American Antiquity 50(1):102-116.Flannery KV, and MacNeish RS. 1997. In defense of the Tehuacà ¡n project. Current Anthropology 38(4):660-672.Fritz GJ. 1994. Are the first American farmers getting younger? Current Anthropology 35(1):305-309.Gumerman GJ, and Neely JA. 1972. An Archaeological Survey of the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico: A Test of Color Infrared Photography. American Antiquity 37(4):520-527.Janzen GM, and Hufford MB. 2016. Crop Domestication: A Sneak-Peek into the Midpoint of Maize Evolution. Current Biology 26(23):R1240-R1242.Long A, Benz BF, Donahue DJ, Jull AJT, and Toolin LJ. 1989. First Direct AMS Dates on Early Maize From Tehuacan, Mexico. Radiocarbon 31(3):1035-1040.Long A, and Fritz GJ. 2001. Validity of AMS dates on maize from the Tehuacà ¡n Valley: A comment on MacNeish and Eubanks. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):87-90.MacNeish RS, and Eubanks MW. 2000. Comparative analysis of the Rio Balsas and Tehuacà ¡n models for the origin of maize. Latin American Antiquity 11(1):3-20.Smith BD. 2005. Reassessing Coxcatlà ¡n Cave and the early history of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(27):9438-94 45.

The Fountain Of Youth By Juan Ponce De Leon - 1876 Words

Humans are living longer. The average life expectancy in the world is now 70 years old and it is growing (Roser 2016). Human life extension is the addition of life with medical technologies like artificial life, gene therapy, and medication. Now humans are studying how to drastically extend human life 120 years and farther. Radical life extension has been occurring throughout history without people knowing. This has happened through the advancement in the study of medicine. With these advancements many people wonder what will happen when there is a much larger population on the Earth, will the access be fair for other people, and which religions will accept or try to prevent this? Radical life extension has been human dream for a very†¦show more content†¦Scientist have seen that telomerase expressing clones have no difference in karyotype but have a long lifespan by 20 doublings. With this research, cells have been seen to have a very youthful looking state for much longer . A last area of study is the hypothalamus of the brain. This part of the brain controls reproduction, growth, metabolism, and aging. This is where many of the age related diseases occur. The study of this area can lead to many advancements in age related diseases that can help people live longer. Though this area of study does not have many advancements it holds promising results. Though there have been numerous advancements, many people ask the question whether people need to live longer because of an already over populated Earth. Since 1900 the life expectancy has doubled at over 70 years old and it is continually growing (Our World In Data 2016). Many people ask whether life expectancy would impact people by there being less availability to food on this over populated Earth. Estimators say that the overpopulation of Earth is on average 8 billion people. We are already at a population of 7.3 billion. This shows that Earth is only so big and we are quickly outgrowing it if somethi ng is not done. This is important because it shows how radical life extension could drastically affect the human population, maybe even over the Earth s ability toShow MoreRelatedBiography on Juan Ponce de Leon998 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough Juan Ponce De Leon’s date of birth isn’t certain he was most likely born in 1474, he was born into a noble Spanish family and he was the son of a military hero. Juan Ponce De Leon was born in Santervas De Campos in Castilla which is now known as Spain. In his youth he spent his time working as a Page for a Spanish Knight. As a Page he cleaned his Knights clothing, cared for his weapons and tended to his horses. In return he was taught a code of honor and learned the way in which he couldRead MoreThe Life of Juan Ponce de Leon548 Words   |  2 Pages Have you ever heard of Juan Ponce de Leon? Rumor has it he was searching for the mythical ‘’fountain of youth’’, but historians suggest otherwise. There are no surviving documents saying that Juan Ponce de Leon was searching for the fountain of youth. It is thought that Gonzalo Fernà ¡ndez de Oviedo y Valdez disliked Juan, and attempting to make him look foolish, spread the rumor saying that Juan Ponce de Leon was looking for the fountain of youth. Both Juan Ponce de Leon’s birthplace and birthdateRead MoreExpansion to the â€Å"New World† Essay734 Words   |  3 Pagesworld†. There were many different types of explorers of the new world each with their own motives. One such explorer with extremely ambitious desires was Juan Ponce de Leon; he was a Spaniard who ventured into North America between 1513 and 1521. Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida looking for one thing in particular, the fountain of youth in which he did not find but he did find out that Florida was not an island. Another explorer who decided to just explore the west was Jacques Cartier, he wasRead MoreAfrican Americans and Cotton Fields1233 Words   |  5 PagesNew World. Christopher Columbus’s slaves in Spain spoke rumors of a fountain of youth in the new world. Juan Ponce de Leon, being inspired by these rumors, began his own voyages in search of this fountain and other riches in the new world. Ponce De Leon never found the fountain but (due to the rumors) in 1513 Ponce De Leon discovered Florida. The discovery of Florida was not recognized by Spain until 1526 when Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon discovered, searched, and opened up the eastern seaboard to theRead MorePuerto Rico Essay example492 Words   |  2 Pages1508 the first governor arrived, Juan Ponce de Leà ³n (who is more famous as the searcher for the fountain of youth and discoveror of the state of Florida). The island remained Spanish despite harassment and numerous conquest attempts by buccaneers and pirates and English and Dutch expeditions. To defend the island against these threats, two forts, El Morro and San Cristà ³bal,were built to guard the approaches to San Juan harbor. Defense of theseRead MoreUs History Began in 1607 Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesColumbus â€Å"supposedly† discovered America in 1492. Columbus never reached the boundaries of the country, the land we now know as U.S. would not see Europeans until 1513, when Juan Ponce de Leon reconnoitered what is now call the state of Florida (Lecture 2). This is when the Spaniards had a deep desire to fine the fountain of Eternal Youth. The Spaniards believed Florida was an island and traveled along the Gulf of Mexico. The Spaniards also discovered the body of water that would connect the Atlantic toRead MoreThe Passage of Time and Life in The Swimmer, by John Cheever2346 Words   |  10 Pages The latter half of this quotation is exceptionally true, especially when one considers Neddy. Cheever discusses Neddy’s childlike manner in the first page of the story, writing: â€Å"He was a slender man—he seemed to have the especial slenderness of youth—and while he was far from young he had slid down his banister that morning and given the bronze backside of Aphrodite on the hall table a smack†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). By the end of his journey, though, Neddy has lost his youthful characteristics. Cheever also refersRead MoreEssay on British Rule in Florida1740 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida for even 288 years like the Spanish had ruled for. I mean some of the stuff the British did was alright but in the first spanish rule Juan Ponce De Leon had discovered the â€Å"fountain of youth†, St. Augustine itself and so much more. While the biggest thing the british did was recruit and maybe expand here and there. I mean they even say Juan Ponce De Leon may have eve n discovered one of the bahamian islands. West Florida was where Alabama and Mississippi is today, so expanding as they said toRead MoreA Patriot s History : Thesis1758 Words   |  8 PagesIndians. †¢ (Page 18) This portion of the reading describes the demise of the Aztecs, and how it caused an increase in â€Å"fortune-seekers.† One such new fortune seeker was Juan Ponce de Leà ³n, who came to Florida in search of the fountain of youth, finding no such fountain, but instead mapping out much of the southeast. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was also a well-known fortune-seeker, who similarly mapped out much of the southwest during his exploits. †¢ (Page 33) This part outlines the escapades of theRead MoreAPUSH Chapter 1 Summary1675 Words   |  7 PagesConquistadores  is Spanish â€Å"conquerors†. 2.1. Vasco Balboa  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"discovered† the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama. 2.2. Ferdinand Magellan  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do so). 2.3. Ponce de Leon  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ touches and names Florida looking for legendary â€Å"Fountain of Youth†. 2.4. Hernando Cortes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies and is â€Å"buried† in Mississippi River, 2.5. Francisco Pizarro  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons

Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System Free Essays

Contentss Introduction Purpose Aim Research Question Methodology What is integrating? Multi-modal rider theodolite system Public conveyance system in Vijayawada Para-transit commissariats in Indian context Typology of para-transit system of the metropolis Relevance in Vijayawada scenario Significance of infinites in theodolite system Travel form and web Travel behavior in the metropolis Traffic web and congestion Simplification of route web Urban destruction and flexibleness of infinites Modal transportations and frequence Peak and off peak timings Factors on transportation rate Connectivity Map Distance-Time-Expenditure analysis Modal alteration and outgo An attack to metro rail web Integration of multimodal rider theodolite system and the function of para-transit commissariats Abstraction This paper analyses how the theodolite civilization in India and peculiarly in the metropolis of Vijayawada can be redefined with regard to the available renovation forms and the para-transit commissariats in the metropolis. The bing urban signifier and web play the existent function in the renovation form which can be either partial destruction method or constructive method. Though most the manners of conveyance are genuinely in the being in the metropolis, the art of incorporating them gives the visible radiation to the developed multi-modal theodolite system in that peculiar metropolis. We will write a custom essay sample on Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System or any similar topic only for you Order Now It truly changes the theodolite civilization within the metropolis enabling the debut to farther manners of conveyance and terminuss. The bing canal alteration may impact the obliteration of slums which have been profoundly rooted near the canal. The paper besides analyses on all para-transit manners of transit in the metropolis that how it felicitates and contributes to the ‘linking process’ among the other manners. It besides oversees the futuristic development of the metropolis in the urban graduated table where traffic congestion has to be nullified or minimized Cardinal words: Multimodal, para-transit, renovation, transit civilization, rider, transportations Introduction â€Å"A developed state is non where the hapless usage autos, it’s where the rich usage public transit† , Gustavo Petro, the city manager of Bogota, Columbia. Transportation system in India has ne’er been drastically changed over the past decennaries due to the unauthorised land acquisition and unplanned conveyance development. Among the assorted metropoliss, really few are planned whereas others were raised, built and spread-over quickly, in random infinite and clip. It led to farther congestion of roads, streets and public infinites without presenting a opportunity of re-development procedure. So the transit, where it didn’t drama major portion in Indian context was dragged into a alteration, which offered nil less than a mere development and couldn’t foresee the futuristic India. The major technological promotion failed to come in Indian subcontinent, led to the forceful restriction of traditional and available transit. Therefore the theodolite s ystem was kept under-developed for ages, where different manners of transit were introduced but rarely made a contribution to a multi-modal theodolite system. Even Indian economic system was doubtless incapacitated with the new constructs of theodolite development and more or less the same system prevailed over. The resourceful metropoliss of India still have major manners of transit, which could be efficaciously re-modified into an incorporate system, which promises a simplest and flexible motion within and around the system. The H2O, route and the rail theodolite jointly organize the fastest and easiest transportations, in which the clip factor makes the advantage. The modern epoch besides demands a procedure or an activity, which makes life faster and easier, advancing the aesthetic sense as a whole. The transit has been an ineluctable portion of mundane life, demanding the destruction of preexistent characteristics to guarantee the hereafter needs and necessities. Many metropoliss have started demarcating commissariats for a multi-modal theodolite system where sustainability and constructions are still conserved. Transportation system is a really huge subject on which we create different beds of idea procedure to set up the connectivity and linkage in a proper manner. The transit civilization of India is bit by bit being changed. We can see the alteration in the completed and approaching undertakings in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The 20 first century started with the tube rail and subway rail system instead than the suburban and other webs. The promotion of high-speed Express main roads besides paved a manner to the metropolis transit be aftering constructs. It has besides to be mentioned that the multi average theodolite hubs and terminuss have seen into the existent image of a future metropolis. Peoples use different manners of conveyance to make finishs where they use an interphase theodolite manner for doing it economic every bit good as faster. For illustration, New Delhi railroad station has a good entree to make out to the Metro station, metropolis coachs, cars, jinrikishas and taxis easy so that the clip hold in happening another manner of conveyance is negligible. That is the ground why many of its Metro Stationss are located merely above the Highways and Bus terminuss. The interphase of H2O conveyance and the route conveyance can be really good seen in the survey of metropolis of Venice in Italy. How sophistically the prosaic motion migrates to the H2O conveyance and vice-versa could be designed harmonizing to the physiological and geographical character of the metropolis. However, the route transports proved to be the decisive portion in the theodolite development, the other manners have to be linked to the route theodolite doing it as the primary manner of conveyance. The gridiron form of New York, triangular form of Paris and the Radial or Hexagonal form of New Delhi have their ain advantages and disadvantages in its theodolite civilization. What we have to concentrate is to renew the rules and thoughts to work out the jobs and functionality of the theodolite system in a metropolis. A multi modal theodolite system besides demands for the cargo transportations, which have a different impact on the theodolite behavior of the metropolis. The logistics and contracts are involved in the transportations, which deal more into the economic and fiscal stages instead than the design and planning rules. Purpose To set up a pre-requisite integrated multi-transit system, through the merger of different theodolite manners and systemization of para-transit installations, as the anchor of metropolis transit. To redefine the bing metropolis theodolite webs in a broader degree so that maximized rider transportation, minimized distance and least travel clip are achieved. Aim †¢To re-develop the urban conveyance system of the metropolis cloth. †¢To have a re-modelled railroad corridor including the bombardments and Bridgess. †¢To simplify of route web with regard to inveigh and waterways. †¢To set up cardinal hub for linking all manners of the theodolite system. †¢To systematize para-transit installations linking all manners of conveyance. †¢To exhibit a position on metro/subway development in the farthest hereafter. †¢To substantiate urban destruction to keep the flexibleness of the theodolite. †¢To evaluate existent time-based analysis of transportations within the systems. RESEARCH QUESTION Why do we necessitate an incorporate system of all manners of theodolite along with para-transit comfortss in an urban multi-transit system and how can we accomplish this to underscore high transportations and least clip and distance? SCOPE A ; LIMITATION The paper surveies about the theodolite civilization within Indian context where the instance survey of the web is taken in New Delhi, Chennai etc. The end product of the survey purpose at the metropolis of Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh, which has the range of its theodolite renovation, extends to route, rail and H2O due to the handiness of the railroad corridor and canals of the river Krishna. Methodology The multi-modal theodolite system needs tonss of literature survey, informations aggregations and studies which have to be assembled, framed and evaluated. We start with the normal surveies related to the public transit, the concerns of theodolite oriented development, the modal-wise theodolite civilization in India and abroad and the jobs of malfunctioned theodolite terminuss. LITERATURE STUDY: The assorted surveies about the theodolite oriented developments in the United States of America prove to be critical in this scenario. The more the accessible it is, the public interphase will be much more than we expect to be. The handiness being the major component of the theodolite web, the governments started believing about the re-development of few theodolite Stationss depending upon the public interphase. Furthermore the handiness, it really started working out the other factors responsible for the transportations and motion. For case, a to the full rail auto can take 200 autos from the route and a rail coach can take 20 autos from the route. ( Public transit ) . Taking the broader image, through the statistical analysis in the United States of America, Los Angeles County Metropolitan transit authorization has seen a 40 % addition in ridership on tube since the proviso of existent clip information was established. ( Public Transportation ) It bit by bit fost ers the communities to ‘walk more and drive less’ . However, the car industry sustains even though, it has lost its higher manus in the system, favored the assorted manners of public conveyance system to come up to the competition. That is how the metro systems played a important portion in modulating the theodolite harmoniousness of the metropoliss of United States of America. The public conveyance in the Indian metropoliss has the worst state of affairs in the subcontinent, though it is easy accessible from anyplace in the state through different manners. The information shows the private conveyance being dominant doing the traffic congestion and pollution. In the Indian context of multi-modal theodolite, Kashmere gate and Anand Vihar in New Delhi serve the intent of it suiting the riders from tube every bit good as the interstate bus terminal increasing the handiness and connectivity. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1313196.001.jpg"/ DATA COLLECTION: Several studies have to be conducted on for the consequences related to the transportations, clip and distance. Travel time-distance study in public conveyance, para-transit options ( prosaic, rickshaw and auto-rickshaw ) and private owned conveyance. Differential function of existent distance and covered distance between two different manners. ( Railway and Bus ) .Time taken for the average alteration from one to another and vice-versa. If there is a difference, why? Survey of figure of people utilizing public and shared conveyance instead than in private owned. Subsequently their portions in the current traffic in the metropolis. Survey on transportations from and to in a manner of conveyance with regard to clip. What is INTEGRATION? Integration is a procedure or an act of intermixing of different topics into a individual value giving a combined advantage of both. In this context of conveyance system, the theodolite modals must hold been established long clip back. But the existent integrating of the different theodolite manners is the questionable factor to be accomplished. Many of the Indian metropoliss, including Vijayawada, are besides on the-verge of theodolite integrating which enables the limitless entree of public transit and minimized private intercession. WSA ( 2007 ) information gives us a visible radiation in the theodolite civilizations in Indian metropoliss along with Asian monopolies. Public transit and incorporate theodolite systems in European states and American provinces prove to be a critical component in the planetary development of the full subcontinent. Multi-modal rider theodolite system As many understand, multimode conveyance refers to a conveyance system normally operated by one bearer with more than one manner of conveyance under control or ownership of one operator. It involves the usage of more than one agencies of conveyance such as a combination of truck, railway car, railroads, airplane or ship in sequence to each ( www.etamad.com ) . It drives the urban development of the full metropolis in its physical, socio-economical and internal web. It is one of the decisive functional facet of the metropolis traffic. Public conveyance system in Vijayawada Vijayawada metropolis is wholly a theodolite oriented metropolis as the route, rail and H2O conveyance have the major impact in its history, civilization and the physical geography. It has a immense railroad terminus since it has been declared as one of the biggest and busiest railroad corridor. The chief two roads in Vijayawada starts from the Old Vijayawada part diverge to run into the National highway-5 which lays the bosom of the metropolis. The H2O canals were the historic grounds of merchant but turned to be sewerage and refuse remover of the metropolis in the existent sense. Talking about the route conveyance system, APSRTC ( Andhra Pradesh State Transport Corporation ) runs its services throughout each and every corners of the metropolis from 5 am to 12pm with a sum of 500 metropolis coachs and tube coachs holding about 2000+ day-to-day services ( PNBS at Once, 1991 ) . Pandit Nehru Bus Station operates another 2500 trips of other ordinary/express/interstate coachs off from the metropolis. It is one of the successful corporation holding a record figure of services in South India. The bus Terminal is the 2nd largest in India ( The New Indian Express, 2014 ) after ISBT Kashmere Gate, New Delhi ( Economic Times, 2013 ) . It has succeeded in linking people and services, finally affecting the populace into the system. The response from the public gave a green visible radiation to the maximal coverage in most of the corners of the metropolis. Para-transit commissariats in Indian context Those services which in-turn support the chief watercourse of manners of conveyance and link them through sophisticated webs are normally known as para-transit system. It generates batch of travel options and form in travelers which can be opted to be used consequently. Although it is non straight linked with a to the full flourished conveyance manners say Bus theodolite, it really add ups How to cite Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System, Essay examples

Important of Camera strategy in shaping Film-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Important of Camera strategy in shaping Film. Answer: Camera Operator The camera strategy is very important in shaping the films perception in the audiences minds (Stam 2017). Here the film is basically about a boy who loses track of his life and goes into depression. The boys mother tired of waiting every day for the drunk boy to return home and ultimately passes away. The camera strategy would be to translate this depression and grief into the audiences perception. Most of the camera angles are close up to reflect the expressions of the characters. There is very little movement of the camera as most of the scenes are shot on a static camera angle, as static as the life of the mother of the boy. The implementation plan is to place the camera tripod in strategic spots to capture the heart of the scenes. There are scenes which includes long shots and mid shots like the mothers scene at the market, these will be implemented by both handheld shots and moving tripods on wheels. The particular role of the camera person will be to be in close contact with the director to understand the emotion and portray that in the screen, so there will be continuous interaction. The team of producer, writer, editor and sound controller along with the director will sit for regular meetings and interaction throughout the shooting to integrate the roles. Davis in his article Video Production Tips: The Basics of Lighting and Camera Angles has stated that to create a particular effect the cameraperson must be visualizing the whole scene before shooting it (Davis 2015). The films main message is to state that a mothers love is universal and eternal, the last scene where the son discovers the letter is very important, Close up of the letter and the sons face will be shown consecutively. Montage will be used in editing to depict the depth of the scene (Bordwell, Thompson and Smith 2016). Lighting The lighting must be in sync with the camera strategy that has been adopted. The overall atmosphere of the film remains dark and depressive. This reflects the mindset of both the son and the mother who are unhappy in their own settings. The lighting strategy would be to maintain the light and shadow effect throughout the film and reflect the message all over (Standish 2014). The implementation will be done through ensuring the maximum use of controlled artificial lighting and maintaining the darkness even in the scenes where plenty of light is used. There will be screens that will be used to reduce or control the effects of light. In the scenes where the mother is waiting for her son to come back there will be a dim yellowish bulb that would maintain the gloom of the atmosphere. There are a number of scenes which have a black screen and only background sound effects. The immediate scenes that would follow will be carrying the effect of the darkness, hence light use will be low in the following scenes as well. The integration process will be same as the camera person where close interaction of the lighting operator will happen with the team about synchronizing the overall message of the film with the lighting technique. In the article Lighting for Cinematography: A Practical Guide to the Art and Craft of Lighting for the Moving Image, the author has pointed out how perfect lighting can amplify the effects of the film to a large extent (Landau 2014). In the film Godfather the lighting was specifically crafted and customised for the title character to enhance his role, similar method will be followed in this film while lighting the two main characters. References Bordwell, D., Thompson, K. and Smith, J., 2016.Film art: An introduction. McGraw-Hill Education. Davis, D., 2015. Video Production Tips: The Basics of Lighting and Camera Angles. Tubularinsights, January 20. Landau, D., 2014.Lighting for Cinematography: A Practical Guide to the Art and Craft of Lighting for the Moving Image. AC Black. Stam, R., 2017.Film theory: an introduction. John Wiley Sons. Standish, I., 2014. The Aesthetics of Shadow: Lighting and Japanese Cinema by Daisuke Miyao.The Journal of Japanese Studies,40(2), pp.465-469.

Savant Syndrome an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Savant Syndrome Savant syndrome is a barely understood phenomenon that occurs in certain inpiduals. When people hear the word savant, they usually think of someone with outstanding and untrained abilities in math or music, like Rain man. However, this is just one form of savant syndrome. There are actually many types, and many different people can experience it in different ways. It is also highly correlated with people with autism, something that is actually very true. Need essay sample on "Savant Syndrome" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Autism is a brain disorder with no known cause, although there are currently theories. Genetic predisposition is one theory; environmental causes (including vaccines) is another. However, regardless of cause, autism is a well-documented mental illness with many different therapies. Autism is usually diagnosed in children between the ages of 18 months and 4 years. It comes in many forms and severities, and is usually diagnosed along a spectrum. Mild autism is called Aspergers syndrome, and usually affects children primarily in their social development. Severe autism can cause children to function at very low levels, including no speech, unable to toilet train, and have violent outbursts. Everything in between is also normal. For an unknown reason, boys account for about 80% of autism cases, although girls can be more severely afflicted if they do have it (Cohen 1998). :I'm not in the mood to write my essay online. I want to spend time with my girlfriendProfessional writers recommend:Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With UsBuy College Papers Online Affordable Papers Review Cheap Writing Service Reviews Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service Some of the unique features of autism include a high level of receptive language and a low level of expressive language. That is, children understand far more than they can say for themselves. This is one reason why echolalia (speech in which children repeat what they hear, speak in stilted ways, or use incorrect pronouns, such as Do you want juice instead of I want juice because they do not know how to process and use language in a normal way) is prevalent among some autistic children. Theories on this include that the brain is scrambling the messages somehow, or that there is so much sensory input occurring at any given time that children cannot make sense of all the information at once. Autism is heavily a sensory-processing disorder (Cohen 1998). What does this mean for savant syndrome? A savant is a person who has one area in which they are gifted, even if they function below average in all other areas. Savantism may take one of three different forms: splinter skills, where a person experiences a specific skills in relation to their disability; talented savatism, where a person experiences a high level of talent in one area in comparison to their disability; and prodigious savant, where a person experiences a high level of talent in comparison to the average person. The final type is the most commonly known version, and it was what people think about when they hear savant syndrome (Hiles). Savants can come to happen in a number of ways. First of all, about 50% of known savants are autistic. The other 50% are from CNS head injury patients or people with other developmental disabilities (Hiles). An overwhelming majority of people with autism have savantism in comparison to people in other categories. About 10% of people with autism are savants compared to less than 1% in other groups (Edelson). This is why the correlation between autism and savantism is so strong. Although a high number of people have a form of savantism, only 50 cases of prodigious savantism are known about at this time (Hiles). True savatism is quite rare. There are certain abilities that savants can have; savantism occurs only in six different areas. These areas are fantastic memorization, the ability to calculate numbers, musical talent, artistic talent, and ability of easily learn and remember languages (Hiles). The most memorable of these are memorization, calculation, and musical talent. There are stories about autistics who can remember which day of the week any particular date fell on, dating back fifty or a hundred years, and also going several decades into the future. Scientists have described these people as its as if they have memorized a calendar. Some stories center around people who can multiply large numbers in their heads without even seeming to think about it. And still other stories center around people with no musical training who become amazing pianists, and who can memorize and perform a song after hearing it only once. Such stories have been feature in books, movies, and television shows frequently and always with fascination. Dr. Hiles shows an example of a savant named Tim. Tim is over 40 and lives in a group home, where he has been for some time. He is deaf, cannot speak, and shows autistic-like qualities. Tim is only able to communicate through a special form of sign language that he has recently learned. Prior to learning this communication system, Tim was often violent with others, likely because of his frustration with his inability to communicate. Now, Tim is very friendly and initiates conversations with others. Although it obvious that Tim is below average in many areas, Tim is an excellent artist. He can draw well from life and from memory, and can reproduce images months after he has seen them. Dr. Hiles classifies him as a talented savant, and possibly even a prodigious savant, because he does so well in this area. Daniel Tammet of Britain is another savant. There are several areas in which his functioning is poor. For example, Tammet cannot drive, or even walk, because his coordination is very poor. He says that spatial relations are difficult for him, and that he has to pay attention carefully to how his body is moving so he can walk without falling. However, he also has some amazing abilities. He is good with numbers and knows pi to over 22,000 decimal places by heart. He is also amazing at learning languages (the rarest form of savantism), and learned Icelandic, one of the most difficult languages in the world, in only seven days. His case is certainly extraordinary, just like many others (Moran and Bourin). While scientists do not know exactly how a person becomes a savant, they do have some theories. Dr. Edelson believes that it is impossible to know why it is caused, and that scientists will never understand it. He does, however, have this to say about it: these inpiduals have incredible concentration abilities and can focus their complete attention to a specific area of interest. This means that inpiduals with savant syndrome can completely focus on their gifted area without any distractions at all. It would be as if they could not perceive anything from other senses while they were absorbed in the activity at hand. This means that for children with autism that they learned to block out all of the conflicting sensory information. Of course, there are children with autism who are sensory-avoiding (meaning that they are getting too much sensory information from their environments and they are overly sensitive to it) and children who are sensation-seeking (meaning they are not receiving enough sensory information from their environments and so they are looking for more). It is likely that the latter type would be more likely to fall into the savant category. Other theories include that since all of the types of savantism are processes located in the brains right hemisphere, that savantism results partially from a weak left hemisphere. From studies with epileptic patients, where brain damage can occur as a result of repeated seizures, doctors know that the undamaged parts of the brain can take over for the damaged parts. In a few cases of severe epilepsy, doctors have cured it by doing a hemispherectomy that is, removing half of the persons brain (Sabbatini). Scientists think that a similar explanation may be why savantism occurs. If parts of the savants left hemisphere are damaged, then the right hemisphere may become stronger to make up for these parts. This stronger right hemisphere may then result in the ability to learn or understand things far beyond what a person could ordinarily do. It is a possible explanation for savantism, but again, scientists simply do not know what really causes it. There is more support for the theory that mixed-up or damaged brains play a role in savantism. In one documented case, a little girl named Nadia could draw extremely well. However, as soon as she learned to speak, she lost her ability to draw (Hiles). It is possible, from this example, that when the brain must focus on more things that it loses the ability to concentrate heavily enough on the savant area in order to maintain the talent. There is other research that has suggested when a person with brain damage has had surgery to remove damaged parts of the brain so that the brain can regenerate, the savant ability was also lost. Such a case was featured on the hit show House in a recent season. Sensory perception issues may all be related to savant syndrome, another reason why autism is so heavily correlated with it. In addition to the usual sensory problems that people with autism have, autistic savants can have synesthesia, which is an involuntary joining in which the real information of one sense is accompanied by a perception in another sense. That is, if a person hears music, he may see a certain color. Or, as a person is touching something, he may hear a certain sound. These sensory perceptions are not real, but are manufactured by the persons brain. This ability may play into an artistic savants abilities, because s/he can perceive art in a way that most people cannot (Steen et al). Savantism primarily remains a mystery, and a fascination to most people. Cases will continue to crop up, and people will continue to watch. Savants have been featured on news programs several times, like Daniel Tammets story, above. Scientists will continue looking for reasons for savant syndrome to occur, but the fact is, we may never know. Savants have drastically different perceptions on the world that other people cannot imagine or truly understand. The same is true for autism. Perhaps in time, scientists will find a way to crack the code of what makes someone so different, but the likely truth is that the scientists brains just dont work in the right way to allow them to understand the perceptions and thought processes of savants. For now, savants will remain a mystery, and people will continue to watch in awe. Sources Cohen, Shirley (1998). Targeting Autism. University of California Press: Los Angeles, California. Edelson, Stephen M., Ph.D. (1995). Autistic Savant. Center for the Study of Autism. Hiles, David (2002). Savant Syndrome. Wisconsin Medical Society. Moran, Terry; and Bourin, Lenny (2005). The Extraordinary Abilities of an Autistic Savant. ABC News. Accessed December 6, 2007. Website: http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Health/Story?id=830166&page=2 Sabbatini, Renato M.E., Ph.D. (2002). Epilepsy Affect Neural Circuits. Accessed December 6, 2007. Website: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/question/epilepsia.html. Steen, Carol et al (1997). The Synesthetic Experience. MIT. Accessed December 6, 2007. Website: http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/.

Free Essays on Homosexual Mariages

Gay Marriages A battle has been in progress for years over whether equal rights and equal protection against discrimination should be extended to homosexuals. Recently this has expanded into the area of marriage. The topic of homosexual marriages is a prevalent issue today. Even in the nation's capital, representatives are finding ways to make this alliance unlawful. This topic has been debated bringing up many valid points, but the fact of the matter is that homosexual marriages are wrong and we, as a country, should not condone such acts. Marriage is the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. Although some same sex marriages may be capable of coping financially, the negative influence on children raised in their household has been statistically proven. Not only would same sex families deal with negative connotations in terms of their children, but most religions in North America frown upon the union of same sex relationships and restrict marriage to one man and one woman. Many people hold opposing views, arguing that same sex marriages harm no one and that to deny them the right to marry is unconstitutional. First and foremost, we as a society must think of our future when an issue such as homosexuality comes in to play. In no way can one change someone's sexual orientation, but it is proven that homosexuality in the household can be detrimental to a child's upbringing. Debra Busher, an expert on child psychology, says: "Sexual orientation of a parent is critical to the upbringing of a child. Society is based on the ideal of having heterosexual parents, and it goes against values for same sex parents to raise children. Having homosexual parents is also a major stressor for a child due to society's norms and values. It can cause embarrassment and abnormal feelings. Children who are raised in ‘alternative famil... Free Essays on Homosexual Mariages Free Essays on Homosexual Mariages Gay Marriages A battle has been in progress for years over whether equal rights and equal protection against discrimination should be extended to homosexuals. Recently this has expanded into the area of marriage. The topic of homosexual marriages is a prevalent issue today. Even in the nation's capital, representatives are finding ways to make this alliance unlawful. This topic has been debated bringing up many valid points, but the fact of the matter is that homosexual marriages are wrong and we, as a country, should not condone such acts. Marriage is the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. Although some same sex marriages may be capable of coping financially, the negative influence on children raised in their household has been statistically proven. Not only would same sex families deal with negative connotations in terms of their children, but most religions in North America frown upon the union of same sex relationships and restrict marriage to one man and one woman. Many people hold opposing views, arguing that same sex marriages harm no one and that to deny them the right to marry is unconstitutional. First and foremost, we as a society must think of our future when an issue such as homosexuality comes in to play. In no way can one change someone's sexual orientation, but it is proven that homosexuality in the household can be detrimental to a child's upbringing. Debra Busher, an expert on child psychology, says: "Sexual orientation of a parent is critical to the upbringing of a child. Society is based on the ideal of having heterosexual parents, and it goes against values for same sex parents to raise children. Having homosexual parents is also a major stressor for a child due to society's norms and values. It can cause embarrassment and abnormal feelings. Children who are raised in ‘alternative famil...

Examine the Importance of Corporate Governance on Bank Risk Management Essay

Examine the Importance of Corporate Governance on Bank Risk Management - Essay Example It is also a process to maintain proper supervision over the functions of the employees, thereby controlling the flow of information inside the hierarchy. Thus, corporate governance is mainly utilised by various organisations in order to endorse corporate equality, transparency and responsibility among the members, which helps to enhance their motivation and morale, thereby improving the efficiency of an organisation. Moreover, it also ensures that proper management information is transmitted among the employees in order to maintain uniformity and justice in the organisation. This would be beneficial both for the organisation and the employees. Thus, with the help of corporate governance, proper control mechanisms can be ensured in order to maintain the business operations in a systematic and effective way. Hence, it can be depicted that the framework of corporate governance is also utilised for retaining an appropriate balance among the members of an organisation (International Fina nce Corporation, 2010). ... It can be observed that the penetration of corporate governance increased by a considerable extent in this recent era in order to condense the corporate scandals occurring in global markets (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2002). The paper mainly describes the importance and the benefits of corporate governance in organisations. Along with this, it also highlights the significant impact of corporate governance in managing the risks associated with banks. Importance of Corporate Governance on Bank Risk Management Corporate governance is the system by which business conglomerates are directed and managed in order to attain business objectives. Moreover, in modern times, corporate governance is implemented in most of the organisations as a strategic policy in order to handle the threats in a challenging way. The prime objective behind this approach is to eradicate financial and other risks. Corporate governance is unswervingly related with risk management of any financial organ isation, thereby acting as an umbrella to protect its perspectives (Colley, 2003). Risk management in financial institutions is most common as compared to other sectors. This is due to the fact that it mainly deals with fiscal instruments, thereby controlling both market and credit risks in a tactful way. It is so because financial risk can lead to economic downturn along with recession in the whole economy (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2002). Hence, corporate governance is extremely important in banks as it would enhance public faith and confidence, which is very essential for their efficient running. Thus, poor corporate governance in banks may lead to operations failure, which might cause considerable

What movie and answer questions and your personal reactions Review

What and answer questions and your personal reactions - Movie Review Example The similarities in all the children is the undying love that they receive from their parents and the parents’ desire to raise healthy and happy children. All these children live in an environment where raising children is focused on making sure that they get enough sleep, that they get enough amount of food to eat, and that they fit in with the older siblings. In all the scenarios, it is clear that babies learn from their surrounding environment. They learn from what they see, for example, a baby seeing people eating from one communal pot or seeing people slaughtering a goat from the dirt gets to learn how life works in his surroundings. In all the scenarios mothers are seen to be primarily in charge of child care. For example, the documentary shows the US mother busy in the kitchen and the Mongolian mother milking. The documentary also shows the mothers engage more with their offsprings while doing something else. When looking at the four children, they are raised in very different social-cultural environment where in the case of Ponijao, he is raised in a dirsty village. His family lives in log hut that has clay roofs. They do not have any carpets of any form of barrier between bare bottoms and the dirt. He lives in an environment where people sit on the ground. The culture in this community is where women have the primary role of taking care of the children and doing the daily chores of the homes. The women tie their babies on the side or on their back as they do their work. Men do not play a big role in rearing children on a day to day basis as it is seen in this documentary. Older children are the once who take the responsibilities of acting like the role models and teach them on how they can fit in the society. This is clearly seen in the opening scene of the documentary where an older Ponijao is seen seated next to an infant grinding rocks on a

Acquisition Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Acquisition Analysis - Essay Example Such factors as internal and external market environment as well as Adobe priorities were examined, and it was found that acquisition is profitable for both companies. The three templates were designed to analyze broad, specific and other issues necessary to evaluate the risk and profitability of the project. It was supposed that the company IAP will invest about $ 1000000 from internal cash funds. Financial analysis proves that fact that the rate of return will be high if IAP invests $ 1,000000. Such calculations as WACC, risk assessment, CAPM, foreign currency translation effect, cash flow analysis have been madeThe initial assessment of markets conditions involves screening foreign markets to discover the potential of different countries. This process includes consideration of rates of growth of economies, new developments such as opening up of markets in developing and emergent economies, technical changes that are creating new opportunities to sell and identification of long-ter m economic and demographic factors that are altering demand patterns.With the globalization of the world economy, companies like IAP Company Limited are growing by merger and acquisition in a bid to expand operations and remain competitive. The complexity of such transactions often makes it difficult to assess all risk exposures and liabilities, and requires the skills of a specialist advisor. Four main types of assessment for companies considering acquisition beyond their national borders should be undertaken: political and legal conditions, economic conditions, cultural conditions, competitive conditions. USA-based company Adobe operates in the stable political situation, which has high rates of economic growth. Acquisition policy is undoubtedly the most radical growth strategy open to management in that it represents a deliberate attempt to change the nature of the business. Acquisition policy can be classified into backward, forward and horizontal integration. Acquisition policy occurs when the new business is related in some way to the old one. (Zolkiewski, 1994). Template 1: IAP Company Limited will be reluctant to enter countries that have high political risks unless the potential returns are high or when countries with high political risk are providers of raw material that are in short supply. When the overall market is growing or can be induced to grow, it may be relatively easy for companies with a small market share, or even new entrants, to gain share. This is because the absolute level of sales of the established companies may still be growing; and indeed, in some instances, those companies may be unable or unwilling to meet the new demand. Import penetration into some industries can be traced back to the early 1990s, when companies were unable to supply the peak demand occurring during booms and their customers had to seek alternative sources overseas (Benito, Gripsrund, 1992). Once established with overseas suppliers, many UK users were reluctant to revert to UK sourcing. When the boom was over, the importers held on to their market share. The size of the investment required by a business wishing to enter industry will be an important determinant of the extent new entrants. Acquisition with Adobe allows IAP Company Limited to subject to a complex regulate framework whereas others are less so. Still, even if it is possible to predict the needs of customer there are some threats and new opportunities, which should be taken into consideration. American administrative and legal environment is very favourable for acquisition with Adobe. There are no specific regulations governing the goals and structures of the industry, there is

Health and Nutrition of Developing Nations

Health and Nutrition of Developing Nations Timothy Lee It may seem as an overwhelming task when attempting to understand the factors that are related to the health and nutrition of many, if not all, of the developing nations around the world. There is though one reoccurring factor that is constantly mentioned no matter where you begin your research into the issue, poverty. The mentioning of the term â€Å"developing nation† has become synonymous with the term poverty in my own mind. The issue at hand is how to turn these nations from developing to developed, which in turn would also contribute to the improvement of proper health needs and adequate nutrition standards for all. From malaria stricken nations to malnourished nations across the developing spectrum poverty plays a role. It is becoming more difficult now though to just blame poverty since there has been such a large influx in foreign aid to these developing nations[LL2]. Help is being offered, and it is upon the citizens of these unhealthy nations to take full advantage of these benefits, even if that means teaching the local populations the benefits of say sleeping under a bed net or feeding your children proper nutritional meals even on the low income budget that they have, as a few of the Millennium Development Goals have referenced. Source[LL3]: http://ih887.pbworks.com/w/page/5284039/Micronutrient%20Deficiency One of the biggest health related diseases that impacts such a large number of people and yet can be prevented is that of Malaria. In the case of providing bed nets to all families of developing nations to help in the prevention of malaria, the cost of providing the nets is very small and are in rather ample supply[LL4]. The benefits from using the bed nets, those being less infected citizens, stronger workforce due to the advancement of the individuals’ health, etc.., greatly outweigh any monetary cost[LL5]. The individuals that would use the bed nets would get sick less often, be able to work harder, and the overall income gains would easily cover the initial costs plus more. There are two sides to the argument of providing these simple bed nets for free. The first being that in developing nations where malaria is rampant, the poverty trap is so deep that they are to the point where they can’t even afford to purchase the necessities for the prevention of the disease, thus people like Jeffery Sachs suggests that if we were to finance malaria eradication for these developing nations then they would end up on the right side of his S-shaped curve on the road to opulence. The other side of the argument is that skeptics are not positive that malaria is the actual cause for that countries poverty and that maybe it is because of a corrupt government for their failure to eradicate malaria, and if that is true, then getting rid of the disease wouldn’t help. In my opinion, both arguments make valid points. It is reasonable to assume that a country is poor because of the health of its citizens and if health improved then so to would its economy[LL6]. That being said, it could also be seen as being naà ¯ve to think that the health of a nation would be the only factor in that nation’s economic well-being[LL7]. Despite the size, governments of all countries play an enormous role in their citizens well-being health wise, economic wise, and etc. b ut to look at a poor country and determine that one cause, that being malaria in this case, is the reason for that nation’s poverty, in my opinion, would be a misinterpretation of the causes of poverty as a whole. Note that Malaria is not the only disease that is rampant and plaguing developing nations but is by far the easiest example to point to and say, â€Å"It can be done†, the â€Å"it† being the prevention of the disease, the repossession of several million able body workers into the workforce, and ultimately the building of a weak economy. The next step for a developing nation would be to tackle the nutritional standards of its population and ensure that those needs are being met in a way to guarantee that the population stays healthy. â€Å"Just as micronutrient deficiencies can lead to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, infectious disease can also contribute to micronutrient deficiencies since the body requires increased micronutrients when combating disease. Worldwide, between 140 and 250 million children suffer from Vitamin A deficiency (VAD[LL8]).Primary VAD is usually caused by prolonged dietary deprivation, in particular lack of vegetables and animal products, and is particularly endemic in areas where rice is the staple food (Muller Krawinkel, 2005).† The absence of adequate vegetables and animal products cannot be blamed on the average citizen but rather on the lack focus on the ecology, the economy, and the culture of the regions being observed[LL9]. Sachs view on the health of developing nations is that we should begin â€Å"scaling up† our efforts on the international side and support community health workers. While in previous Sachs arguments, that being about the poverty trap, I would’ve agreed with his views, but when it comes to providing educational matters related to health, or providing all the tools to a nation to improve their own health care system then when would that nation become self-sufficient and no longer need aid, educational help regarding nutrition, or their basic needs be met? [LL10]How long would we as the international community stand by and continuously pour money into these nati ons? In conclusion, there is without a doubt a definite need for foreign aid when it comes to the health and nutritional standards of developing nations[LL11]. These countries are in a rut, also known as â€Å"The Poverty Trap†, and can only climb out of such trap when the proper ladder is offered to help bring them out from the hole they find themselves in as Sachs explains it. This doesn’t however excuse these developing nations from all responsibilities involving their population and the providing of proper education, food, and economic well-being for its citizens. When a nation [LL12]has so called â€Å"low-hanging fruits† available to them but doesn’t or won’t take full advantage of these â€Å"fruits† even after the international community has exhausted its capabilities to educate, influence, and integrate proper health and nutritional standards then in my opinion said nations should be coerced [LL13]into following the protocol that other de veloping nations are following by having some sort of aid reduction policy implemented so that countries would feel obligated to begin doing for themselves what they should be doing all along[LL14], and until they show evidence of taking advantage of the â€Å"low-hanging fruits†. Works Cited[LL15] Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: Public Affairs, 2011. Print. â€Å"Micronutrient Deficiency.† Ih887 /. Web. 25 June 2015. Muller, O., Krawinkel, M., (2005)Malnutrition and Health in Developing Countries.CMAJ, 279-286. Sachs, Jeffrey. A Call to Scale-Up Community Health Workers. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com. Web. 25 June 2015. [LL1]Nice job Tim. Organization needs a little more work though. It’s a little hard to tell if your focus is on aid or health, or both and you’re missing a few opportunities to apply more critical analysis. Esp. conclusion seems a bit abrupt and doesn’t seem to link closely to your intro. It’s a bit short of the word count laid out in the syllabus, and a bit short on analysis and discussion in a few places. Otherwise, a nice project. Grade: 80 [LL2]Can you develop this more? How does the influx of aid make this more difficult? [LL3]Need to discuss/explain/introduce this graphic as part of your discussion. This is a bit choppy. [LL4]Need to cite these two claims. [LL5]According to who? So why don’t more people use them? [LL6]Develop this argument a bit more. [LL7]Good point. [LL8]Citation? And why is this bad? [LL9]Can we blame any other factors? Why are there fewer elephants in Kenya than in Zinbabwe? [LL10]I think I get your basic point, but the wording /structure is making it hard to follow you. [LL11]Not sure you’ve established this point†¦ your intro seemed to suggest that you saw merit in the idea that aid might hurt more than help†¦ [LL12]Do you mean the government/members of government or the population at large? [LL13]By who? We should send in the army? [LL14]Need to develop this idea a bit more in the preceding paragrphs†¦ what are some things that can be done, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals? Do they seem reasonable to you? Etc. [LL15]Works cited doesn’t seem quite uniform

Existence of Reality in Christopher Durangs Beyond Therapy and Edward

Existence of Reality in Christopher Durang's Beyond Therapy and Edward Albee's Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf? Growing up, I always assumed that my parents would grow old together. I fantasized about introducing my future children to their still-married grandparents and attending, if not personally planning, my parent’s fiftieth anniversary celebration. Although my parents fought and struggled with areas of perpetual disagreement, somehow things always worked out and in my naivety, I believed they always would. However, as time progressed, the unresolved, and in some cases unspoken, issues that had plagued my parent’s marriage since its conception festered and ultimately reached intractable proportions. As a messy divorce loomed, each parent explained his version of the events and â€Å"irreconcilable differences† engendering a separation. Although the facts presented in each account matched, my parent’s respective interpretations of the facts differed greatly. As I listened to my parent’s rationalize their inability to get along, I realized that although my parent’s stories did not match, neither party was actually lying. Each parent simply presented to me his or her version of the reasons for divorce. I knew that somewhere hidden in the subtext of my parent’s explanations laid the truth. As I sifted through the slightly convoluted information, I began to wonder, â€Å"Is reality a relative concept?† After reviewing my personal experience, Christopher Durang’s play Beyond Therapy, and Edward Albee’s Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?, I reached the conclusion that, as inherently paradoxical as it seems, reality exists as a relative concept. Ostensibly, in the complexities of a divorce, the true reasons necessitating a permanent... ...xtremes of denial and testifies to the true relativity of reality depending upon mindset. After overcoming her denial and admitting that no son exists, Martha lies prostrate as George asks her, â€Å"Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?†(242). Martha wearily replies, â€Å"I†¦am†¦George†¦.I†¦am†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (242). In other words, â€Å"Who’s afraid of the truth?† My parents, Stuart of Christopher Durang’s Beyond Therapy, and Martha and George from Thomas Albee’s â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?†. Ceasing to rationalize reality to suit one’s needs entails dealing with the truth and experiencing pain. Therefore, it stands to reason that many smart, reasonable people fall victim to the allure of denial. However, as Martha demonstrates, the walls crumble eventually, and one feels the pain as acutely as ever. So, who’s afraid of the truth? The more appropriate question is who’s not afraid of the truth?